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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"28974"},["text",""]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"18"},["name",""],["description",""],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"52"},["name","Texto original"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"33463"},["text","<p><em><span>Nota del editor:</span>&nbsp;Frida Ghitis es columnista de asuntos mundiales para The Miami Herald y World Politics Review, y exproductora y corresponsal de CNN. S&iacute;guela @FridaGhitis. Las opiniones expresadas en este comentario son exclusivamente las suyas.</em></p>\r\n<p><span>(CNN)&ndash;</span>&nbsp;La decisi&oacute;n de China de prohibir que la mayor&iacute;a de parejas tengan m&aacute;s de un hijo, impuesta hace m&aacute;s de 35 a&ntilde;os, siempre ha permanecido como un s&iacute;mbolo de cu&aacute;n lejos el Estado estaba preparado para inmiscuirse en las vidas de sus ciudadanos. Era una pol&iacute;tica cl&aacute;sica en la que el fin justifica los medios. No es sorprendente que la pol&iacute;tica del hijo &uacute;nico siempre ocupara un lugar destacado en las implacablemente duras cr&iacute;ticas de China por organizaciones de derechos humanos.<span id=\"more-224294\"></span></p>\r\n<p>As&iacute; que, ahora que China ha anunciado que la pol&iacute;tica de un solo hijo oficialmente llegar&aacute; a su fin, algunos pueden referirse a este momento como un triunfo de los derechos humanos. Eso, sin embargo, ser&iacute;a una equivocaci&oacute;n.</p>\r\n<div class=\"banner\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n<p>Cuando la agencia de noticias estatal Xinhua anunci&oacute; que el Partido Comunista de China se mover&aacute; r&aacute;pidamente para \"poner en pr&aacute;ctica la pol&iacute;tica de 'una pareja, dos hijos'\", esta no era una se&ntilde;al de que el partido de pronto comenzara a respetar la libertad personal m&aacute;s que en el pasado. No, este es un caso en el cual el partido ajusta la pol&iacute;tica a las condiciones.</p>\r\n<p>Y esas condiciones demandan urgentemente aumentar la tasa de fecundidad del pa&iacute;s &ndash;entre las m&aacute;s bajas del mundo&ndash; para preservar el crecimiento econ&oacute;mico y la estabilidad social, las cuales son indispensables para prolongar el control del Partido Comunista sobre el pa&iacute;s.</p>\r\n<p>Es dif&iacute;cil imaginar un papel m&aacute;s intrusivo para el gobierno que el de decirle a las parejas el n&uacute;mero de hijos que pueden tener. Pero no es imposible. La aplicaci&oacute;n de la pol&iacute;tica draconiana es, de hecho, la estatura de la intrusi&oacute;n. A lo largo de los a&ntilde;os, los grupos de derechos humanos han documentado miles de casos de abortos y esterilizaciones forzadas &ndash;las cuales Amnist&iacute;a Internacional etiqueta como tortura&ndash; adem&aacute;s de fuertes multas y otras pr&aacute;cticas.</p>\r\n<p>La nueva pol&iacute;tica que eleva el l&iacute;mite a dos hijos por pareja, preserva el papel del estado. Amnist&iacute;a dice que el cambio no hace mucha diferencia.</p>\r\n<p>Ir&oacute;nicamente, la controvertida pol&iacute;tica no solo fue perjudicial sino que tambi&eacute;n puede haber sido innecesaria. Cuando el partido la anunci&oacute; en 1978, explic&oacute; que su prop&oacute;sito era \"aliviar los problemas sociales, econ&oacute;micos y ambientales\". En ese entonces, la pobreza end&eacute;mica y el estancamiento econ&oacute;mico plagaban China. El miedo era que una poblaci&oacute;n en r&aacute;pido crecimiento empeorar&iacute;a las cosas, estirando demasiado los recursos limitados, empeorando la pobreza y amenazando la estabilidad pol&iacute;tica.</p>\r\n<p>Las autoridades afirman que la pol&iacute;tica impidi&oacute; aproximadamente 400 millones de nacimientos.</p>\r\n<p>Algunos dem&oacute;grafos cuestionan ese n&uacute;mero, poniendo la cifra, quiz&aacute;s, a la mitad de ese nivel. Otros expertos sostienen que la forma de frenar el crecimiento de la poblaci&oacute;n no es prohibiendo los nacimientos, sino a trav&eacute;s de la educaci&oacute;n y el control de la natalidad.</p>\r\n<p>Pero el camino m&aacute;s efectivo para prevenir una explosi&oacute;n demogr&aacute;fica es la prosperidad. Funciona con mucho m&aacute;s &eacute;xito que enviar a la polic&iacute;a para arrestar y multar a los ciudadanos, algo que incluso los funcionarios chinos, para su creciente consternaci&oacute;n, est&aacute;n descubriendo.</p>\r\n<p>De manera natural, las parejas deciden tener menos hijos a medida que avanzan desde los campos hacia las ciudades, a medida que estudian m&aacute;s y en el momento en que las mujeres forjan carreras fuera del hogar.</p>\r\n<p>De hecho, China ha estado intentando alejarse de la pol&iacute;tica del hijo &uacute;nico durante un tiempo con resultados que los dejan aturdidos.</p>\r\n<p>Las autoridades comenzaron a relajar las reglas hace un par de a&ntilde;os, sin ning&uacute;n resultado. Cuando el gobierno anunci&oacute; reglas relajadas que le permit&iacute;an a unos 11 millones de parejas que tuvieran dos hijos, solo alrededor de 1 mill&oacute;n de ellas solicitaron permiso para tener un segundo beb&eacute;.</p>\r\n<p>Muy pronto, podr&iacute;amos empezar a ver se&ntilde;ales de p&aacute;nico entre los dem&oacute;grafos que forman parte del Partido Comunista. China, al igual que su vecino y rival Jap&oacute;n, tiene un serio problema con las bajas tasas de natalidad. Como Jap&oacute;n ha demostrado, las consecuencias pueden ser desastrosas para la econom&iacute;a.</p>\r\n<p>Sin embargo, a diferencia de China, Jap&oacute;n no posee la necesidad de mantener un fuerte crecimiento econ&oacute;mico. A pesar del fuerte crecimiento econ&oacute;mico durante muchos a&ntilde;os, cientos de millones de chinos todav&iacute;a viven en la pobreza. El partido necesita mantener el zumbido del motor econ&oacute;mico, y eso ser&aacute; cada vez m&aacute;s dif&iacute;cil si las personas se niegan a tener m&aacute;s hijos.</p>\r\n<p>Incre&iacute;blemente, China ha logrado preservar restricciones ofensivas sobre los nacimientos, mientras que simult&aacute;neamente lucha por elevar la tasa de fertilidad.</p>\r\n<p>Despu&eacute;s de m&aacute;s de una generaci&oacute;n en la que las cifras de los nacimientos colapsan y la expectativa de vida mejora, China se est&aacute; convirtiendo en un pa&iacute;s de ancianos. El n&uacute;mero de trabajadores disponibles para sostener el crecimiento econ&oacute;mico y el cuidado de sus mayores se est&aacute; reduciendo. Cada uno de los ni&ntilde;os puede esperar que con el tiempo tendr&aacute; que cuidar de sus dos padres y de sus cuatro abuelos. Cuando se case, &eacute;l y su esposa duplicar&aacute;n esa cantidad: una pareja ser&aacute; responsable hasta de cuatro padres y ocho abuelos. Esa es tan solo una de las razones por las que tienen miedo de a&ntilde;adir m&aacute;s hijos a sus responsabilidades.</p>\r\n<p>La misma aritm&eacute;tica se aplica a la econom&iacute;a. Mientras la poblaci&oacute;n crece y llega a ser anciana, existe una proporci&oacute;n menor de trabajadores comparada con los jubilados y los hijos. En un pa&iacute;s de 1.400 millones de habitantes, el n&uacute;mero de personas entre 20 y 24 a&ntilde;os es cada vez m&aacute;s peque&ntilde;o, y se estima que caer&aacute; hasta 94 millones en 2020, seg&uacute;n una estimaci&oacute;n, muchos de quienes estar&aacute;n asistiendo a la escuela en lugar de trabajar. Se espera que el n&uacute;mero de personas de m&aacute;s de 60 a&ntilde;os llegue a 360.000 millones para entonces.</p>\r\n<p>Es dif&iacute;cil sobreestimar qu&eacute; tan serio es este desaf&iacute;o para el r&eacute;gimen.</p>\r\n<p>El gobierno de China ha hecho un trabajo espectacular al impulsar el crecimiento econ&oacute;mico y al sacar a cientos de millones de personas de la pobreza y convertir a China en la segunda mayor econom&iacute;a del mundo, con vastas reservas financieras y un papel global cada vez m&aacute;s tajante.</p>\r\n<p>Y, sin embargo, China tiene un tal&oacute;n de Aquiles gigante. El pa&iacute;s est&aacute; gobernado por un gobierno no elegido, cuya principal preocupaci&oacute;n es preservar el crecimiento y la estabilidad y prevenir los desaf&iacute;os a su autoridad. Hacer eso ha significado la supresi&oacute;n sistem&aacute;tica de una serie de libertades individuales, \"entre ellas la libertad de expresi&oacute;n, asociaci&oacute;n, reuni&oacute;n y religi&oacute;n, cuando se percibe que su ejercicio amenaza al gobierno del partido &uacute;nico\", seg&uacute;n Human Rights Watch.</p>\r\n<p>A pesar de sus impresionantes logros, China es \"No Libre\" seg&uacute;n la organizaci&oacute;n no partidista Freedom House, la cual dice que el actual presidente, Xi Jinping, ha dirigido un agravamiento de la represi&oacute;n, causando una \"crisis de derechos humanos\".</p>\r\n<p>As&iacute; que no, a pesar de lo que puede parecer como progreso, el levantamiento de la pol&iacute;tica del hijo &uacute;nico no es una victoria para los derechos individuales. Ni siquiera es un paso en la direcci&oacute;n correcta. Es m&aacute;s de lo mismo de un r&eacute;gimen decidido a continuar movi&eacute;ndose en la misma direcci&oacute;n mientras mantiene sus manos con fuerza en el tim&oacute;n.</p>"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"53"},["name","Enlace"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"33464"},["text","<a href=\"http://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2015/11/02/que-no-te-enganen-el-fin-de-la-politica-del-hijo-unico-en-china-no-es-una-victoria-de-los-derechos/#0\" target=\"_blank\">http://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2015/11/02/que-no-te-enganen-el-fin-de-la-politica-del-hijo-unico-en-china-no-es-una-victoria-de-los-derechos/#0</a>"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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