La noticia se dio a conocer el 17 de enero a última hora de la mañana: la Unión Europea ofrece ayuda “inmediata” a Túnez para preparar la celebración de elecciones libres y democráticas. Seguro que este bello gesto de los “buenos europeos” irá directo al corazón de los tunecinos. Europa vuela hoy al rescate de su victoria, mientras que ayer mismo estaba en negociaciones con el gobierno de Ben Ali para el reconocimiento de un “estatuto avanzado” de cooperación.
\r\nEste oportunismo “virtuoso” no puede hacer olvidar un dato más que molesto: el autoritarismo ha perdurado en Túnez a la sombra de Europa. Entre los países árabes mediterráneos, Túnez se distingue, al igual que Marruecos, por la prioridad y la intensidad de su cooperación con la CEE y posteriormente con la UE. Fue el primer Estado de la ribera sur en cerrar un “acuerdo de asociación euromediterráneo”. En el marco de esta “cooperación euromediterránea” (o proceso de Barcelona), se ha beneficiado de un importante apoyo financiero para adaptar su economía a las condiciones del libre mercado.
\r\nEn 2004, cuando la UE, ampliada a veinticinco y luego a veintisiete, empezó a promover la Política Europea de Vecindad, Túnez fue, de nuevo junto a Marruecos, uno de los primeros países en sumarse a este nuevo dispositivo de cooperación bilateral. De este modo ha logrado arrimarse a Europa, sin perspectivas de adhesión pero siguiendo una versión “light” y “a la carta” de los criterios de Copenhage (democracia, Estado de derecho, derechos humanos, respeto de las minorías, economía de mercado).
\r\nEn este sentido, el Túnez de Ben Ali era casi un \"vigésimo octavo” miembro de la UE, exonerado de la carga de los criterios políticos de la Unión. Sin duda, la cuestión de la democracia, del Estado de derecho y de los derechos humanos figuraba en primer lugar de la lista de “acciones prioritarias” acordadas entre Túnez y la UE. Pero no era más que un punto entre otros diez, entre ellos “la lucha contra el terrorismo”, la liberalización de los intercambios, la inversión extranjera directa y “la gestión eficaz de los flujos migratorios”. Las acciones en materia de democratización se limitaban a reformas de orden administrativo y judicial, así como a armonizaciones de la legislación con los convenios internacionales.
\r\nLa ambigüedad de la situación era un escándalo para algunos parlamentarios europeos, y obligaba a la Unión a ciertos ejercicios de contorsionismo. A pesar de su compromiso proclamado con la democracia en el Mediterráneo, la Unión ha hecho prevalecer una y otra vez sus preocupaciones de seguridad en relación con el islamismo político, el terrorismo y la presión migratoria subsahariana que convierte el Magreb en zona de tránsito. El conjunto de las cooperaciones en estos terrenos dibuja el perfil de un régimen transnacional de vigilancia donde caben tanto las democracias como los autoritarismos, pues la seguridad de las primeras depende de unos arreglos propicios a la longevidad de los segundos.
\r\nEl régimen de Ben Ali era el arquetipo de la dominación autoritaria engarzada en la Europa del decoro democrático. Para acabar con ella, el pueblo tunecino ha contado únicamente con sus propias fuerzas. El apoyo exterior no ha llegado de una Europa timorata, y menos aún de un gobierno francés complaciente hasta el punto de ofrecer su experiencia policial, sino de las advertencias firmes y repetidas de Estados Unidos hacia los autores de la represión sangrienta.
\r\nTúnez ha entrado en una fase de transición política de desarrollo abierto y resultado incierto. El desmantelamiento del sistema autoritario y la concreción de las aspiraciones democráticas son asunto únicamente de los tunecinos. Si Europa quiere mostrarse solidaria en esta difícil y peligrosa empresa, no podrá quedarse en meros ofrecimientos de ayuda, aunque sean para la celebración de elecciones.
\r\nLo que debe hacer es replantearse toda su estrategia de vecindad con terceros países mediterráneos. Debe aprender la lección del enero tunecino, de esta onda de choque en el seno de una zona de proximidad tratada hasta ahora como el limes del espacio democrático europeo. El confinamiento en una fortificación no llevará la democracia a Túnez, ni tampoco, a fortiori, a sus vecinos.
\r\n“La democratización en Europa”, decía Nietzsche, “es al mismo tiempo y sin quererlo una escuela de tiranos”. Tergiversemos la fórmula a la luz de nuestra realidad actual y de nuestras convicciones democráticas; seguramente dará qué pensar a “los buenos europeos” acerca de nuestras relaciones con la ribera sur del Mediterráneo.
\r\nFactual or translation error? Tell us.
\r\nEl Comité Político y de Seguridad (CPS), una instancia del Consejo de la Unión Europea para abordar las situaciones de crisis y las respuestas previstas por la UE, se reunirá el 21 de enero con el fin de debatir la ayuda que la Unión debería prestar a Túnez —ayuda humanitaria y apoyo a las reformas políticas y al desarrollo económico—, así como las sanciones financieras —congelación de los bienes tunecinos adquiridos en el extranjero— que se ejecutarán contra Ben Alí y su entorno. Seguidamente les corresponderá a los ministros europeos de Asuntos Exteriores tomar la decisión política de aplicar las medidas aprobadas. Si para entonces no se han alterado las posiciones actuales, la decisión de congelar los bienes de Ben Alí y su entorno parece objeto de consenso, según Les Echos.
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