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Dos décadas después del genocidio de Srebrenica (1995) perpetrado durante la guerra de los Balcanes (1991-2001), la Corte de Apelación de La Haya ha confirmado este martes la responsabilidad de los Países Bajos en la muerte de 350 varones musulmanes refugiados en el recinto militar de los cascos azules holandeses, encargados de la seguridad en dicha ciudad bosnia. Los jueces han rechazado, sin embargo, que pueda atribuirse al Estado holandés la suerte de todos los demás hombres —unos 8.500— masacrados en 1995 por las fuerzas del hoy exgeneral serbobosnio, Ratko Mladic.

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El fallo, contra el que ya no cabe una nueva apelación, ha ratificado una sentencia de 2014, pero marcando una línea divisoria entre las propias víctimas de Srebrenica. Los familiares de los 350 muertos recibirán solo un 30% de la indemnización a la que tendrían derecho de haber perecido sus allegados con el resto de los hombres, esparcidos fuera del complejo militar. Los jueces alegan que, “de no haber sido entregados el 13 de julio de 1995 a las tropas de Mladic, los 350 musulmanes bosnios habrían tenido un 30% de posibilidades de sobrevivir”. “Al dejarlos ir, perdieron ese margen, y el Estado holandés es responsable de ello”, ha señalado el juez, Gepke Dulek. La demanda la presentaron ese año las Madres de Srebrenica, portavoces de unas 6.000 personas. Según ellas, “la sentencia es absurda porque los cascos azulesestaban allí y debieron proteger a todos los varones musulmanes; para nosotras este caso no tiene fin: todos está muertos”, han asegurado a las puertas de la corte. Para Marco Gerritsen, su abogado, “se ha tomado una decisión salomónica”.

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El Tribunal de Apelación considera que el Estado actuó ilegalmente, y le \"condena al pago de una compensación parcial\" a las familias de las víctimas. Las fuerzas de paz holandesas facilitaron la separación de los hombres y niños musulmanes \"sabiendo que había un riesgo real de que los serbios de Bosnia los sometieran a un trato inhumano\", sigue el juez Dulek. Por el contrario, los oficiales holandeses destacados en Srebrenica sostienen que en 1995, sin apenas agua y comida, con unos 5.000 civiles refugiados dentro y fuera del recinto de la ONU, y cercados por las tropas serbobosnias, pensaron que se trataba de una evacuación. Que los llevarían a otro campo en mejores condiciones. Dulek ha criticado dicho argumento, señalado que “dejar salir a los 350 hombres sin más se corría el peligro de que los ejecutaran, y debió haberse paralizado su marcha”. “De todos modos”, sigue la sentencia, “todos perecieron a manos de los serbobosnios”, una precisión subrayada por el ministerio holandés de Defensa.

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Los cascos azules holandeses fueron los últimos integrantes de la Fuerza de Protección de la ONU (Unprofor) desplegados en los enclaves bosnios de Srebrenica, Gorazde y Zepa. Declarados en 1993 “zonas seguras” por Naciones Unidas, miles de bosnios musulmanes fueron trasladados a ellas. Allí se desplegó un contingente autorizado solo para usar la fuerza en defensa propia, a pesar de las advertencias de que estaba en marcha una limpieza étnica.

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En 2013, las Madres de Srebrenica perdieron una demanda similar, contra Naciones Unidas, presentada ante el Tribunal de Derechos Humanos de Estrasburgo. La corte europea decidió que la ONU gozaba de inmunidad. Pero ese mismo año, el Tribunal Supremo holandés confirmó un fallo anterior de la Corte de Apelación de La Haya sobre un caso concreto: la muerte de Rizo Mustafic, el electricista del complejo de los cascos azules, y de Ibro y Mohamed Nuhanovic, padre y hermano de Hasan, el traductor, que sobrevivió. Si bien abarcaba solo “un caso particular separado del conjunto del genocidio”, suponía que el Estado holandés ya no podría invocar la inmunidad de Naciones Unidaspara justificar la inacción de sus 400 soldados. Este proceso judicial abrió la puerta a nuevas demandas, como la concluida este martes.

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Además, unos 200 veteranos holandeses de Srebrenica van a demandar al Estado para conseguir una compensación, y una disculpa, por enviarles a \"una misión imposible\" de cuyo fracaso han sido responsabilizados por la comunidad internacional. Su abogado, Michael Ruperti, ha explicado que cada uno exige una indemnización simbólica de 22.000 euros —1.000 euros por cada año que ha pasado desde la matanza de Srebrenica— por el trauma psicológico.

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La investigación oficial del Instituto para Estudios de Guerra, Holocausto y Genocidio (NIOD) concluyó en 2002 que los uniformados neerlandeses no pudieron haber evitado la masacre porque no contaban con los medios necesarios para ello, si bien afirmó que silenciaron lo ocurrido. La publicación del informe del NIOD provocó la dimisión en bloque del Gobierno de Wim Kok. \"De ninguna manera asumimos la culpa de lo que pasó en Srebrenica, pero sí nuestra responsabilidad\", explicó entonces el primer ministro socialdemócrata.

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