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\"MilesMiles de tunecinos participan en una manifestación con pancartas como esta \"¿Dónde está el petróleo\" MOHAMED MESSARA / EFE\r\n
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Raro es el día que los periódicos tunecinos no recogen en sus páginas alguna protesta de carácter social: huelga de los profesores de la enseñanza pública, manifestación de los trabajadores de la sanidad, corte de la carretera de los parados de Meknasy, concentración contra la polución en Gabes… El Foro Tunecino para los Derechos Económicos y Sociales (FTDES) cifra en un total de 830 las protestas sociales desarrolladas en el país magrebí durante febrero pasado, una cifra que supone un sensible incremento con respecto al pasado verano. Por ejemplo, en agosto se registraron 486. Las regiones más activas fueron, una vez más, las del centro marginado y pobre de la nación: Kairouan y Sidi Bouzid.

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“El enfoque del Gobierno parece ser esperar a que los movimientos de protesta social se desinflen por sí solos. Pero lo que estamos viendo es todo lo contrario”, asegura Abderrahman Hedhili, presidente del FTDES, muy crítico por el hecho de que el Gobierno haya “cerrado la puerta” del diálogo y apostado por el procesamiento e incluso la criminalización de los activistas. A finales de este mes, el foro realizó una conferencia en la que participaron decenas de movimientos sociales de todo el país con la finalidad de coordinar sus estrategias. En enero del año pasado, ya se produjo una explosión social que forzó al Gobierno a declarar el toque de queda durante varios días. La experiencia se podría repetir.

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Si bien Túnez ha culminado de forma bastante exitosa su transición a la democracia, la economía continúa estancada desde la revolución de 2011 y su crecimiento en 2016 apenas superó el 1%, mientras que el paro mostraba una tendencia al alza. El Gobierno tunecino organizó a finales de 2016 una conferencia económica que le permitió recabar más de 15.000 millones de euros, la mayoría préstamos de Ejecutivos aliados e instituciones internacionales. Sin embargo, de acuerdo con el diario Nawaat, casi un 75% de estos fondos se dedicarán a proyectos en la costa, por lo que las diferencias regionales, uno de los ingredientes del malestar, pueden todavía acentuarse durante los próximos años.

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Vista de cerca, la transición democrática tunecina pierde lustre, tamizada por el malestar de amplias capas de la población. A pesar de haber superado con éxito las fases más críticas —incluidas la celebración de tres elecciones libres, la aprobación de una nueva Constitución y un traspaso de poder pacífico entre adversarios—, hito por el que su sociedad civil recibió el Nobel de la Paz en 2015, sus problemas se han enquistado. Seis años y medio después de la revolución popular que echó al dictador, Túnez todavía no ha recuperado un crecimiento económico robusto, tampoco ha reducido la enorme brecha que separa las regiones ricas de las pobres, ni ha neutralizado la corrupción endémica heredada del régimen de Ben Alí. La decepción se palpa en el aire.

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\"UnUn manifestante durante la ocupación de las instalaciones petrolíferas de Kamur, en la región de Tatauín KHALED EL HOUCH AFP\r\n
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“Este es un Gobierno que se dedica a ir apagando fuegos. No existe un verdadero proyecto de futuro”, lamenta Rachid Khechana, exdirector de Mawqif, único periódico opositor en la era de Ben Ali. Las últimas elecciones, en 2014, estuvieron marcadas por una fuerte crispación en torno a un eje bipartidista: el partido islamista Ennahda frente a su némesis, Nidá Tunis. Estos últimos obtuvieron una ajustada victoria, lejos de la mayoría absoluta. Presionados por la comunidad internacional, que temía una réplica del golpe y la contrarrevolución de Egipto en versión magrebí, los adversarios fumaron la pipa de la paz y sellaron un Gobierno de gran coalición, apuntalado por otros partidos menores.

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MÁS INFORMACIÓN

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“El pacto entre Nidá y Ennahda fue positivo para calmar la tensión entre islamistas y laicos, pero ahora no ayuda a superar el bloqueo institucional”, sostiene Moez Hassayoun, director del think tank Joussour. La carencia de una visión compartida no solo afecta la política económica o la social, sino incluso la creación de varias instituciones clave. Por ejemplo, el país todavía no cuenta con un Tribunal Constitucional, ni se han podido celebrar de momento las primeras elecciones municipales democráticas, retrasadas ya un año y medio. Encima, Chafik Sarsar, presidente de la modélica Junta Electoral que organizó los pasados comicios, ha dimitido debido a interferencias políticas en la institución que no le permiten, afirma, “garantizar la limpieza de las futuras elecciones”.

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Las dificultades para aprobar el proyecto de ley de Reconciliación Económica, presentado en abril por tercera vez por el presidente Caïd Essebsi, del laico Nidá Tunis, ha puesto de nuevo en evidencia la debilidad del Ejecutivo. La iniciativa crearía un mecanismo paralelo a la justicia establecida para indultar, a cambio de una multa, a funcionarios y empresarios que practicaron la corrupción durante la dictadura de Ben Alí. Mientras el islamista Ennahda duda, los partidos de izquierda y la sociedad civil han puesto el grito al cielo, y ya han organizado varias concurridas manifestaciones en la capital. Desde su punto de vista, se trata de una amnistía encubierta para la élite vinculada al antiguo régimen, cobijada en el seno de Nidá Tunis.

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Ahora bien, el epicentro contestatario se halla lejos de la capital, en las regiones marginadas del centro y sur del país, cuyo subsuelo alberga los escasos recursos minerales de Túnez, si bien apenas se benefician de ello. Es allí donde tuvieron lugar la mayoría de las cerca de 1.500 protestas sociales registradas el último mes. En la región sureña de Tatauín, centenares de jóvenes desempleados intentaron ocupar un recinto petrolero después de semanas de acampada pacífica. El Ejército, desplegado recientemente, lo evitó por la fuerza. En la batalla campal, falleció un manifestante y decenas resultaron heridos. Finalmente, y después de que los manifestantes lograran frenar la producción bloqueando las vías de comunicación, el Gobierno cedió y aceptó un acuerdo para emplear a cientos de jóvenes de forma inmediata.

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Justo el día después de los enfrentamientos en Tatauín, que amenazaban con propagarse por todo el país como sucedió con la explosión social de enero del año pasado, el Gobierno lanzó una campaña de arrestos contra una decena de empresarios vinculados al contrabando y proclamó una cruzada contra la corrupción, todavía rampante. Entre los detenidos, alguna figura conocida, como Chafik Jarraya, un mafioso que había osado retar al primer ministro frente a las cámaras de televisión.

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Según algunos observadores, el Ejecutivo por fin ha hecho de la lucha contra la corrupción una prioridad. Para otros, se trata solo de una bomba de humo para desviar la atención. Una espesa bruma de confusión y frustración cubre el panorama político tunecino, al que las erupciones violentas que sacuden el mundo árabe han hecho un poco más soportable. En su camino hacia la democracia plena, la considerada modélica transición árabe ha encallado.

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