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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"28974"},["text",""]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"18"},["name",""],["description",""],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"52"},["name","Texto original"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"33396"},["text","<div class=\"articulo-apertura \">\r\n<div class=\"articulo-datos\"><span class=\"articulo-localizaciones\">Shangh&aacute;i&nbsp;</span><a title=\"Ver todas las noticias de esta fecha\" href=\"https://elpais.com/tag/fecha/20120618\">18 JUN 2012 - 11:43 <abbr title=\"Central European Summer Time\">CEST</abbr></a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id=\"articulo_contenedor\" class=\"articulo__contenedor\"><img src=\"https://ep01.epimg.net/sociedad/imagenes/2012/06/17/actualidad/1339958863_499604_1339959085_noticia_normal.jpg\" alt=\"La sociedad china planta cara\r\na la imposici&oacute;n del hijo &uacute;nico\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" /><span class=\"foto-firma\">ZIGOR ALDAMA</span>\r\n<div id=\"cuerpo_noticia\" class=\"articulo-cuerpo\">\r\n<p>Zhang Li -nombre ficticio- s&oacute;lo puede tener un descendiente. Porque ni es hija &uacute;nica, ni campesina, ni divorciada. Y tampoco pertenece a una minor&iacute;a &eacute;tnica. Es una china han a la que se le debe aplicar la pol&iacute;tica del hijo &uacute;nico que se introdujo en el pa&iacute;s a finales de la d&eacute;cada de 1970. Pero dentro de unos d&iacute;as saldr&aacute; de cuentas y dar&aacute; a luz a su segundo reto&ntilde;o. Espera que esta vez sea el var&oacute;n que ans&iacute;a toda su familia, y sabe que tendr&aacute; que pagar cara su osad&iacute;a. Tendr&aacute; que abonar una multa abultada, acorde con su renta, y quiz&aacute; sufra alguna otra amonestaci&oacute;n. \"No estamos seguros, pero nos han hablado de una sanci&oacute;n de 50.000 yuanes -unos 6.300 euros-\". Despu&eacute;s de varias triqui&ntilde;uelas, sabe que ella es privilegiada y que el castigo no pasar&aacute; de ah&iacute;.</p>\r\n<div id=\"elpais_gpt-INTEXT\" data-google-query-id=\"COjFiJ_jktUCFYLHUQodxq0Cbw\">\r\n<div id=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_web/sociedad/intext_0__container__\"><iframe id=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_web/sociedad/intext_0\" title=\"3rd party ad content\" name=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_web/sociedad/intext_0\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" data-integralas-id-af45ffc7-4d8c-aaca-e3f3-0bc9e62c2a44=\"\"></iframe></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>Por eso, ayer ley&oacute; con una mezcla de terror y alivio lo que le sucedi&oacute; el pasado d&iacute;a 2 a&nbsp;<a href=\"https://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2012/06/15/actualidad/1339795188_173006.html\">Feng Jianmei</a>, cuando las autoridades chinas de la ciudad de Ankang, en la provincia central de Shaanxi, la abdujeron para&nbsp;<a href=\"https://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2012/06/15/actualidad/1339795188_173006.html\">obligarla a abortar</a>. No import&oacute; que estuviese en el s&eacute;ptimo mes de la gestaci&oacute;n -la ley china estipula que los abortos est&aacute;n prohibidos a partir del sexto-. Hab&iacute;a que hacer cumplir la pol&iacute;tica de natalidad y a Feng, como a Zhang, no se le pod&iacute;a aplicar ninguno de los eximentes.</p>\r\n<p>Pero a la joven de 22 a&ntilde;os, que no pudo hacer frente a la multa de 40.000 yuanes -5.000 euros-, la sacaron con los ojos vendados del domicilio de un familiar, la obligaron a firmar un documento que no le dejaron leer, y le inyectaron un medicamente para que pariese a su hijo muerto. Es m&aacute;s, dejaron el feto ensangrentado junto a ella en la cama del hospital en el que se llev&oacute; a cabo la operaci&oacute;n.</p>\r\n<div class=\"teads-inread\">\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"teads-ui-components-label\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div id=\"teads0\" class=\"teads-player\"><iframe frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\"></iframe></div>\r\n<div class=\"teads-ui-components-credits\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Las im&aacute;genes de Feng, tomadas y distribuidas por su cu&ntilde;ada, han provocado un nuevo estallido de ira en el ciberespacio chino, en el que la norma que regula la natalidad en el pa&iacute;s m&aacute;s poblado del mundo est&aacute; a menudo en el candelero. Hay quien ha comparado las fotograf&iacute;as con las de la masacre en Siria y, en esta ocasi&oacute;n, la presi&oacute;n en las redes sociales ha obligado al Gobierno a cambiar su versi&oacute;n inicial, en la que aseguraba que la interrupci&oacute;n del embarazo fue voluntaria. Adem&aacute;s, tres funcionarios han sido cesados a la espera de que se les imponga un castigo m&aacute;s severo &ldquo;por haber violado la normativa estatal y provincial en lo que respecta la planificaci&oacute;n familiar&rdquo;.</p>\r\n<p>Pero el activista ciego Chen Guangcheng sabe bien que el de Feng no es un caso aislado. &Eacute;l sac&oacute; a la luz lo que en los noventa -tambi&eacute;n el momento culminante del infanticidio- fue una pr&aacute;ctica habitual: miles de mujeres de zonas rurales fueron forzadas a abortar o sufrieron esterilizaciones indeseadas. Muchas de ellas ni siquiera sab&iacute;an a qu&eacute; operaci&oacute;n las estaban sometiendo. A Chen lo acallaron primero con la c&aacute;rcel, luego estuvo bajo arresto domiciliario hasta que escap&oacute; a finales de abril, se refugi&oacute; en la Embajada de Estados Unidos, y ahora vive exiliado al otro lado del Pac&iacute;fico. Pero Feng ha demostrado que la pr&aacute;ctica que combati&oacute; contin&uacute;a viva.</p>\r\n<a name=\"sumario_1\"></a>\r\n<div class=\"sumario__interior\"><img src=\"https://ep01.epimg.net/sociedad/imagenes/2012/06/17/actualidad/1339958863_499604_1340012597_sumario_normal.jpg\" alt=\"Feng Jianmei, la mujer obligada a abortar en el s&eacute;ptimo mes de gestaci&oacute;n.\" width=\"300\" height=\"250\" /><span class=\"foto-texto\">Feng Jianmei, la mujer obligada a abortar en el s&eacute;ptimo mes de gestaci&oacute;n.</span>\r\n<div class=\"sumario-texto\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>Lo corroboran tambi&eacute;n m&eacute;dicos de la localidad de Liyang, el pueblo en el que reside Zhang. &ldquo;El caso de Feng es extremo, pero nos consta que muchas parejas pobres son amenazadas o coaccionadas para que aborten&rdquo;. La ley del hijo &uacute;nico ha evitado el nacimiento de 400 millones de personas que habr&iacute;an aumentado la presi&oacute;n demogr&aacute;fica hasta niveles insostenibles, recalcan esas fuentes consultadas por EL PA&Iacute;S. Pero muchos consideran que la norma es injusta porque s&oacute;lo se aplica a quienes no tienen recursos. Y Zhang est&aacute; de acuerdo. &ldquo;Para nosotros es un pellizco, pero podemos afrontar el pago&rdquo;. No en vano, acaban de adquirir un chal&eacute; y un Mercedes, su segundo veh&iacute;culo. &ldquo;Tener un segundo hijo nos cuesta menos que un coche, y creo que es l&oacute;gico que nosotros podamos tenerlo porque le daremos una vida mejor que la de los campesinos&rdquo;, apostilla.</p>\r\n<p>Aun as&iacute;, Zhang ha hecho todo lo posible por reducir su factura. Te&oacute;ricamente, la sanci&oacute;n se impone teniendo en cuenta la renta per c&aacute;pita de los padres, generalmente entre tres y diez veces esa suma, y sirve de compensaci&oacute;n por el costo extra que tiene para la sociedad una boca m&aacute;s. Pero, en la pr&aacute;ctica, la cifra final queda en manos de los dirigentes locales y nadie sabe a ciencia cierta a d&oacute;nde va a parar el dinero. El &lsquo;hukou&rsquo; -una especie de permiso de residencia que diferencia a la poblaci&oacute;n entre urbana y rural, y regula los movimientos migratorios internos- de Zhang pertenec&iacute;a a Nanjing, la capital de la provincia oriental de Jiangsu. &ldquo;En Nanjing no conocemos a nadie, as&iacute; que all&iacute; la multa habr&iacute;a sido muy superior. Por eso mud&eacute; la residencia a Liyang cuando supe que estaba embarazada&rdquo;, explica Zhang.</p>\r\n<p>Adem&aacute;s, el marido apret&oacute; las teclas del todopoderoso&nbsp;<em>guanxi</em>, como en China se conoce a las relaciones interpersonales que muchas veces caen sin rubor en el terreno de la corrupci&oacute;n. \"Conocemos a algunos oficiales que nos han asegurado que no tomar&aacute;n ninguna represalia contra nuestro negocio\". Porque otra forma de presi&oacute;n suele ser la degradaci&oacute;n, o incluso la p&eacute;rdida del puesto de trabajo, en el caso de los funcionarios, o la derogaci&oacute;n de licencias en el caso de empresarios privados. \"Algunos amigos han tenido problemas con sus establecimientos despu&eacute;s de tener su segundo o tercer hijo\". Quiz&aacute; por eso, Zhang trata de llevar su embarazo de la forma m&aacute;s discreta posible. De hecho, ni siquiera inform&oacute; a sus familiares m&aacute;s cercanos hasta que se hizo demasiado evidente. \"Hay mucho envidioso que podr&iacute;a delatarme y crearme problemas\".</p>\r\n<p>En un pa&iacute;s que ya cuenta con m&aacute;s de cien millones de hijos &uacute;nicos no hay m&aacute;s que visitar cualquier colegio de pago para encontrar hermanos. Los chinos son conscientes de esta injusticia, y casos como el de Zhang provocan la ira de una poblaci&oacute;n cada vez m&aacute;s preocupada por c&oacute;mo se ensancha la brecha que separa a pudientes y desheredados. El ejemplo m&aacute;s sonado ha sido el de una pareja de la ciudad sure&ntilde;a de Rui&rsquo;an, que tuvo que desembolsar la cantidad r&eacute;cord 1,3 millones de yuanes -164.000 euros-, por mantener con vida a su segundo descendiente.</p>\r\n<p>Y el pasado mes de diciembre un matrimonio con problemas de fertilidad dio la campanada despu&eacute;s de que se filtraran las fotograf&iacute;as que hab&iacute;an tomado en un estudio a sus ocho hijos. La se&ntilde;ora L. se hab&iacute;a sometido a un tratamiento que le proporcion&oacute; trillizos, mientras que otras dos madres de alquiler -prohibidas en China- hab&iacute;a alumbrado a otros dos y tres beb&eacute;s m&aacute;s, respectivamente. Trascendieron el astron&oacute;mico precio del servicio m&eacute;dico y los 12.000 euros al mes que el matrimonio destina a pagar a sus 11 ni&ntilde;eras. El Gobierno asegur&oacute; que tambi&eacute;n reclamar&iacute;a su parte de un goloso pastel: seg&uacute;n el Diario del Pueblo, en 2010 China ingres&oacute; 20.000 millones de yuanes -2.500 millones de euros- en multas relacionadas con la planificaci&oacute;n familiar.</p>\r\n<p>Adem&aacute;s del revuelo l&oacute;gico en un pa&iacute;s cuya renta per c&aacute;pita todav&iacute;a no alcanza los 5.000 euros, muchos comienzan a debatir abiertamente sobre la necesidad de mantener en vigor una pol&iacute;tica que parece estar quedando obsoleta. Ciudades como Guangzhou y Shangh&aacute;i han anunciado su inter&eacute;s por ampliar a dos el n&uacute;mero de descendientes autorizados, aunque tras un rapapolvo del gobierno central han tenido que echar marcha atr&aacute;s.</p>\r\n<p>Muchos acad&eacute;micos se han sumado al cada vez m&aacute;s nutrido grupo de cr&iacute;ticos y advierten del riesgo que conlleva para la pir&aacute;mide poblacional no introducir m&aacute;s reformas. Se estima que en 2050 habr&aacute; cuatro personas de m&aacute;s de 65 a&ntilde;os por cada diez que tengan entre 15 y 64, algo que podr&iacute;a resultar catastr&oacute;fico para un pa&iacute;s que carece de un sistema de seguridad social fuerte y que tradicionalmente ha basado su estabilidad econ&oacute;mica en la instituci&oacute;n de la familia. Porque los &lsquo;peque&ntilde;os emperadores&rsquo; tienen ahora a padres y abuelos que les dedican toda su atenci&oacute;n, pero en el futuro recaer&aacute; sobre ellos el cuidado de sus mayores. Sin duda, Feng no podr&aacute; exigir mucho a la hija que ahora tiene 5 a&ntilde;os. 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