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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"29923"},["text","El conflicto yugoslavo y otros fuera de la URSS."]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"18"},["name",""],["description",""],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"52"},["name","Texto original"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"33981"},["text","<p><img src=\"https://ep01.epimg.net/internacional/imagenes/2012/04/05/actualidad/1333641766_247634_1333642173_noticia_normal.jpg\" alt=\"FOTOGALER&Iacute;A\" /><br /><br /><span class=\"foto-texto\">Un soldado bosnio entre varios civiles dispara hacia un francotirador serbio, en el centro de Sarajevo el 6 de abril de 1992.</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"foto-firma\"><span class=\"foto-autor\">MIKE PERSSON</span>&nbsp;<span class=\"foto-agencia\">AFP</span></span><br /><br />Bosnia-Herzegovina no celebra ninguna fiesta nacional porque los pol&iacute;ticos no se han puesto todav&iacute;a de acuerdo en una fecha id&oacute;nea. Cuando se cumplen 20 a&ntilde;os desde que&nbsp;<a href=\"https://elpais.com/diario/1992/04/06/internacional/702511214_850215.html\">el 6 de abril de 1992</a>&nbsp;unos francotiradores serbios tirotearan una manifestaci&oacute;n independentista en Sarajevo y comenzara una cruel guerra, el pa&iacute;s sigue dividido en dos entidades que parecen irreconciliables: la Federaci&oacute;n Croata-Musulmana y&nbsp;<a href=\"https://elpais.com/tag/serbia/a/\">la Rep&uacute;blica Serbia</a>. Dos servicios de correos, dos empresas de tel&eacute;fonos m&oacute;viles, organismos p&uacute;blicos duplicados y una ausencia total de sentimiento nacional compartido definen hoy un pa&iacute;s que ha resta&ntilde;ado las heridas f&iacute;sicas, pero no ha logrado ni mucho menos la reconciliaci&oacute;n.</p>\r\n<a name=\"sumario_1\"></a>\r\n<div class=\"sumario__interior\">\r\n<h3 class=\"sumario-titulo\"><span class=\"sin_enlace\">M&Aacute;S INFORMACI&Oacute;N</span></h3>\r\n<div class=\"sumario-texto\">\r\n<div class=\"apoyos\">\r\n<ul class=\"apoyos-listado\">\r\n<li class=\"apoyo_normal apoyo_sinfoto\"><span class=\"apoyo-titulo\"><a href=\"https://elpais.com/diario/2005/07/10/internacional/1120946411_850215.html\">Un infierno llamado Srebrenica</a></span></li>\r\n<li class=\"apoyo_normal apoyo_sinfoto\"><span class=\"apoyo-titulo\"><a href=\"https://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/16/actualidad/1318793428_156884.html\">Los Balcanes se alejan de Europa</a></span></li>\r\n<li class=\"apoyo_normal apoyo_sinfoto\"><span class=\"apoyo-titulo\"><a href=\"https://internacional.elpais.com/tag/balcanes/a/\">Serbia ya est&aacute; en la puerta de la UE</a></span></li>\r\n<li class=\"apoyo_normal apoyo_sinfoto\"><span class=\"apoyo-titulo\"><a href=\"https://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/09/actualidad/1323434717_472781.html\">Los Balcanes de la paz</a></span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id=\"elpais_gpt-INTEXT\" data-google-query-id=\"CPrz6ofmmdUCFRuMUQod220Oaw\">\r\n<div id=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_web/internacional/intext_0__container__\"><iframe id=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_web/internacional/intext_0\" title=\"3rd party ad content\" name=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_web/internacional/intext_0\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" data-integralas-id-4558c828-4e5c-d531-f001-8b196ce826d6=\"\"></iframe></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>&ldquo;Ni siquiera&nbsp;<a href=\"https://elpais.com/tag/ivo_andric/a/\">Ivo Andric</a>, el &uacute;nico premio Nobel de la antigua Yugoslavia, nacido en Bosnia, sirve como referente que unifique a musulmanes [hoy llamados bosniacos], serbios y croatas&rdquo;, se&ntilde;ala el te&oacute;logo y diplom&aacute;tico Dejan Mackovic. Ni la selecci&oacute;n de f&uacute;tbol logra aglutinar a los 3,8 millones de habitantes que se reparten por un territorio algo mayor que Arag&oacute;n. Tal vez solo la m&uacute;sica, ese turbo folk balc&aacute;nico tan ruidoso y popular, consigue convocar a j&oacute;venes de las tres etnias en torno a Goran Bregovic u otros int&eacute;rpretes. &ldquo;Si hablamos del futuro existe consenso en que Bosnia debe integrarse en la Uni&oacute;n Europea, pero si abordamos el pasado cada comunidad defiende una versi&oacute;n diferente&rdquo;, explica Mackovic, de origen serbio, que a sus 32 a&ntilde;os ha residido en varios pa&iacute;ses.</p>\r\n<p>No ayuda mucho que la ense&ntilde;anza en colegios e institutos responda en la pr&aacute;ctica a criterios &eacute;tnicos y que los libros de historia, por ejemplo, ofrezcan planteamientos muy distintos sobre una guerra que caus&oacute; m&aacute;s de 100.000 muertos y dos millones de desplazados entre abril de 1992 y diciembre de 1995, cuando se firmaron los acuerdos de Dayton (Ohio) que pusieron fin a la contienda. Desde el sur del pa&iacute;s, la croata Antonella Medak, como tantos otros, culpa a los pol&iacute;ticos nacionalistas &mdash;la inmensa mayor&iacute;a&mdash; de aprovecharse de la situaci&oacute;n para mantener sus privilegios. &ldquo;Aquellos que ocupan el poder&rdquo;, comenta, &ldquo;son los mismos que hace 20 a&ntilde;os. No me refiero solo a los pol&iacute;ticos, sino tambi&eacute;n a los l&iacute;deres religiosos, culturales o econ&oacute;micos&rdquo;.</p>\r\n<div class=\"teads-inread\">\r\n<div class=\"teads-ui-components-label\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div id=\"teads0\" class=\"teads-player\">A prop&oacute;sito de econom&iacute;a, todos los habitantes de Bosnia-Herzegovina coinciden en que la &uacute;nica salida para abandonar&nbsp;<a href=\"https://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/16/actualidad/1318793428_156884.html\">el largo t&uacute;nel de la posguerra pasa por la UE</a>, como ocurri&oacute; con sus vecinos Eslovenia y Croacia. Con un paro que ronda el 40% de la mano de obra y unas generaciones j&oacute;venes que solo piensan en emigrar, el club de Bruselas aparece como un horizonte deseable a pesar de la terrible crisis europea. Con una mirada en la media distancia Ricard P&eacute;rez Casado, ex alcalde de Valencia y administrador europeo en la posguerra de Mostar, capital de Herzegovina, resume lo que muchos opinan sobre las trabas para la econom&iacute;a bosnia. &ldquo;Las industrias cl&aacute;sicas anteriores a la guerra&rdquo;, se&ntilde;ala, &ldquo;no se han recuperado del todo y sectores con futuro, como el turismo, no cuentan con infraestructuras necesarias. Adem&aacute;s, por encima de todo, el capital extranjero se muestra reticente a invertir en Bosnia, un pa&iacute;s dividido en dos entidades y con una muy compleja maquinaria administrativa y pol&iacute;tica&rdquo;.</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>Nacido en 1972 en&nbsp;<a href=\"https://elpais.com/diario/2005/07/10/internacional/1120946411_850215.html\">la m&aacute;rtir Srebrenica</a>, donde las milicias serbias asesinaron a unos 8.000 varones musulmanes en el verano de 1995, el bosniaco Sabahet Brdarevic destila realismo, al tiempo que infunde optimismo desde su casa de Sarajevo. &ldquo;Mis padres regresaron a Srebrenica y ahora viven all&iacute; en paz&rdquo;, seg&uacute;n sus palabras. &ldquo;Todos los pol&iacute;ticos bosnios&rdquo;, afirma, &ldquo;hablan de nacionalismo para no abordar los problemas reales de la gente que no son otros que el paro, la crisis o la corrupci&oacute;n. El nacionalismo es una cortina de humo. 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