["itemContainer",{"xmlns:xsi":"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance","xsi:schemaLocation":"http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd","uri":"https://www.repositorio.historiarecienteenlaeducacion.com/items?output=omeka-json&page=246&sort_field=Dublin+Core%2CCreator","accessDate":"2026-04-27T21:38:56+00:00"},["miscellaneousContainer",["pagination",["pageNumber","246"],["perPage","10"],["totalResults","4753"]]],["item",{"itemId":"5205","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"1327"},["src","https://www.repositorio.historiarecienteenlaeducacion.com/files/original/776d24b09ebb6417071e6cf7b62095f1.pdf"],["authentication","f799c66dbd3ad90f4aebdfe8675e0e45"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"70"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"28974"},["text",""]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"18"},["name",""],["description",""],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"52"},["name","Texto original"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"34611"},["text","<br /><img src=\"https://ep01.epimg.net/economia/imagenes/2016/05/20/actualidad/1463742586_744932_1463744915_noticia_normal.jpg\" alt=\"Lectura de los papeles filtrados sobre las negociaciones. \" width=\"980\" height=\"671\" /><span class=\"foto-texto\">Lectura de los papeles filtrados sobre las negociaciones.&nbsp;</span><span class=\"foto-firma\">REUTERS</span>\r\n<div id=\"cuerpo_noticia\" class=\"articulo-cuerpo\">\r\n<p>Desde el fracaso de la Ronda de Doha en 2001 ha tenido lugar un desplazamiento del inter&eacute;s hacia acuerdos regionales de comercio cuyo n&uacute;mero ha ascendido de aproximadamente 70 en 1990 a casi 300 en la actualidad. De ellos, el&nbsp;<a href=\"https://elpais.com/tag/tpp_acuerdo_estrategico_transpacifico_asociacion_economica/a/\">Acuerdo de Asociaci&oacute;n Trans-Pac&iacute;fico</a>&nbsp;(TPP) y&nbsp;<a href=\"https://elpais.com/tag/ttip_acuerdo_transatlantico_comercio_inversion/a/\">el Tratado Trasatl&aacute;ntico de Comercio e Inversi&oacute;n</a>&nbsp;(TTIP) son los m&aacute;s importantes. Tras largas negociaciones, en febrero 2016 se firm&oacute; el TPP por Per&uacute; y otros 11 pa&iacute;ses de la regi&oacute;n Asia-Pac&iacute;fico excluida China. El TTIP es una propuesta de tratado de libre comercio entre EE&nbsp;UU y la UE.</p>\r\n<div id=\"elpais_gpt-INTEXT\" data-google-query-id=\"CMbG7aTIptUCFeqnUQod-3QCdg\">\r\n<div id=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_finanzas_economia_web/intext_0__container__\"><iframe id=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_finanzas_economia_web/intext_0\" title=\"3rd party ad content\" name=\"google_ads_iframe_/7811748/elpais_finanzas_economia_web/intext_0\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" data-integralas-id-afcb7361-d884-ed0b-8acd-b3ba4cf53193=\"\"></iframe></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>El TPP y el TTIP representan una nueva generaci&oacute;n de acuerdos comerciales menos interesados en desmantelar barreras comerciales y m&aacute;s en abordar problemas m&aacute;s complejos.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://elpais.com/autor/pascal_lamy/a/\">Pascual Lamy</a>&nbsp;&mdash;que ocup&oacute; el cargo de comisionado europeo para el Comercio primero y director general de la Organizaci&oacute;n Mundial del Comercio (OMC) despu&eacute;s&mdash; distingu&iacute;a entre dos tipos de acuerdos comerciales, los &ldquo;viejos&rdquo; y los &ldquo;nuevos&rdquo;. Los &ldquo;viejos&rdquo;, dominados por los productores, se centraban en la apertura del mercado y en la reducci&oacute;n de aranceles. Por el contrario, los &ldquo;nuevos&rdquo; se plantean reducir las diferencias entre las normas nacionales y regionales que frenan el comercio en un mundo de producci&oacute;n transnacional y cadenas globales de valor. En el &ldquo;viejo&rdquo; mundo los negociadores se enfrentaban a productores que exig&iacute;an protecci&oacute;n de la competencia internacional. En el &ldquo;nuevo&rdquo; deben enfrentarse a consumidores que temen que se rebajen sus est&aacute;ndares de calidad .</p>\r\n<div id=\"inread1\" data-inread-tag=\"https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ads?sz=640x480|640x380&amp;iu=/7811748/elpais_finanzas_economia_web/player_intext/html5&amp;impl=s&amp;cust_params=pbskey%3Drelaciones_internacionales_a%2crelaciones_economicas_a%2ccomercio_a%2corganizaciones_internacionales_a%2crelaciones_exteriores_a%2cttip_acuerdo_transatlantico_comercio_inversion_a%2cronda_doha_a%2ctlc_tratado_libre_comercio_a%2comc_organizacion_mundial_comercio_a%2crelaciones_comerciales_a%2ccomercio_libre_a%2ctratados_internacionales_a%2ccomercio_internacional_a%2ccomercio_exterior_a%2c1463742586_744932%2cpbs1&amp;gdfp_req=1&amp;env=vp&amp;output=vast&amp;unviewed_position_start=1&amp;url=[referrer_url]&amp;description_url=[description_url]&amp;correlator=172973\" data-inread-width=\"640\" data-inread-height=\"360\" data-inread-transition-time=\"1\" data-inread-preload=\"false\" data-inread-debug=\"false\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>En EE&nbsp;UU el grueso de la protesta contra el TTIP tiene como origen el recuerdo de&nbsp;<a href=\"https://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/01/18/actualidad/1390070405_038418.html\">las enormes p&eacute;rdidas de puestos de trabajo que supuso el NAFTA</a>, el acuerdo con Canad&aacute; y M&eacute;xico en los noventa, y la entrada de China en la OMC en 2001. En la UE las quejas proceden fundamentalmente de Alemania y Austria &mdash;dos potencias exportadoras con bajo desempleo&mdash; y est&aacute;n m&aacute;s dirigidas contra el poder de las multinacionales y las implicaciones que tendr&aacute; el TTIP sobre las normas de control de alimentos y el medio ambiente, m&aacute;s exigentes en la UE, que contra la p&eacute;rdida de puestos de trabajo. Merkel, Cameron y Renzi est&aacute;n a favor del TTIP, pero no se han involucrado directamente en su defensa. Han preferido que la iniciativa la tenga la Comisi&oacute;n y el Parlamento Europeo. Algo parecido ocurre en Espa&ntilde;a. PP, PSOE y Ciudadanos ten&iacute;an en sus programas &mdash;en las &uacute;ltimas elecciones generales de diciembre 2015&mdash; propuestas a favor del TTIP, pero no las convirtieron en el centro del debate. Tambi&eacute;n el PNV y Convergencia est&aacute;n a favor. Por el contrario, IU, Podemos y sus confluencias est&aacute;n radicalmente en contra. Resulta curioso que la izquierda espa&ntilde;ola, y tambi&eacute;n formaciones ecologistas como Greenpeace, se hayan alineado con la oposici&oacute;n frontal de dos destacados candidatos de la derecha, Marine Le Pen en Francia y Donald Trump en Estados Unidos.</p>\r\n<p>Lo que se est&aacute; planteando entre las dos &aacute;reas geogr&aacute;ficas es que los controles de los productos farmac&eacute;uticos sean los mismos, o que los niveles de calidad de pr&aacute;cticamente todo &mdash;desde el dise&ntilde;o de los coches hasta el etiquetado de los productos&mdash; est&eacute;n armonizados, o al menos reconocidos mutuamente. Estas medidas, al menos en principio, contribuyen al libre comercio tanto como la reducci&oacute;n de aranceles, al aumentar el tama&ntilde;o del mercado y favorecer la circulaci&oacute;n de bienes y servicios. La falta de armonizaci&oacute;n en las regulaciones implica la ausencia de un mercado &uacute;nico y act&uacute;a, de hecho, como una barrera.</p>\r\n<a name=\"sumario_1\"></a>\r\n<div class=\"sumario__interior\">\r\n<div class=\"sumario-texto\">\r\n<p class=\"texto_grande\">Los que se oponen al TTIP quieren volver al pasado. Ser&iacute;a mucho mejor aprovechar las ventajas que ofrece</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>La resistencia al TTIP en Europa tiene como fundamento el temor a que permita a las multinacionales de EE UU suavizar las m&aacute;s exigentes regulaciones europeas. Al entrar en el terreno de la regulaci&oacute;n es m&aacute;s dif&iacute;cil valorar su impacto, especialmente cuando las negociaciones se est&aacute;n llevando con un grado de secretismo que no ayuda precisamente a mantener discusiones fundadas y sosegadas sobre las implicaciones que tendr&aacute; para la UE. Ello, sin embargo, no deber&iacute;a ser una excusa para oponerse al tratado. S&iacute; deber&iacute;a exigirse transparencia y m&aacute;xima publicidad en las negociaciones, especialmente necesarias cuando pueden implicar cambios legislativos importantes (se contempla la posibilidad de crear unos juzgados para que los inversores extranjeros puedan demandar a los Estados si se sienten perjudicados). Los c&aacute;lculos sobre su impacto en la econom&iacute;a europea no son tan sencillos como los derivados de la reducci&oacute;n de aranceles.</p>\r\n<p>Los defensores del libre comercio siempre han sido conscientes de que mientras la mayor&iacute;a gana algunos pierden. Hasta hace algunos a&ntilde;os &mdash;por ejemplo desde el denominado Consenso de Washington (t&eacute;rmino acu&ntilde;ado en 1989 por J. Williamson)&mdash; se entend&iacute;a que las fuerzas del mercado se encargar&iacute;an de reorientar hacia otras actividades y, si era necesario a otros territorios, la poblaci&oacute;n expulsada de las actividades que se abr&iacute;an a la competencia. Esta doctrina es muy contestada en la actualidad. Cada vez est&aacute; m&aacute;s extendida la idea de que hace falta apoyar a los trabajadores afectados si quiere evitarse que sean expulsados del mercado de trabajo para siempre. Los resultados obtenidos por D. Acemoglu y D. Autor para la econom&iacute;a norteamericana as&iacute; lo recomiendan.</p>\r\n<p>Desde nuestro punto de vista, los que se oponen al TTIP quieren volver al pasado. Ser&iacute;a mucho mejor aprovechar las ventajas que ofrece. Sin embargo, Espa&ntilde;a deber&iacute;a estar especialmente atenta a las consecuencias del TTIP sobre su nivel de competitividad internacional, ya que ha dado muestras de que la falta de flexibilidad le hace encajar con dificultad los cambios estructurales. En un momento en que el centro de gravedad de la econom&iacute;a mundial est&aacute; girando claramente hacia el Pac&iacute;fico, con China a la cabeza, el TTIP ofrece a la UE la posibilidad de estrechar lazos con EE&nbsp;UU, frenando la tendencia a la irrelevancia en el liderazgo mundial a la que parece abocada. Y, por supuesto, deber&iacute;an abrirse las ventanas para que fluya una informaci&oacute;n que nos permita elaborar &mdash;sin necesidad de intermediarios interesados&mdash; nuestras propias conclusiones.</p>\r\n<p class=\"nota_pie\"><strong>Matilde Mas</strong>&nbsp;es catedr&aacute;tica de An&aacute;lisis Econ&oacute;mico en la Universidad de Valencia y directora de proyectos internacionales del Ivie.</p>\r\n</div>"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"53"},["name","Enlace"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"34612"},["text","<a href=\"https://economia.elpais.com/economia/2016/05/20/actualidad/1463742586_744932.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://economia.elpais.com/economia/2016/05/20/actualidad/1463742586_744932.html</a>"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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