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Si hay una hija, prefieren dar dinero al sobrino var&oacute;n para que se compre una casa. De manera que las mujeres comienzan en desventaja a&uacute;n antes de casarse. El dictamen de la justicia empeora a&uacute;n m&aacute;s la situaci&oacute;n\", indic&oacute; a BBC Mundo Leta Hong Fincher.</p>\r\n<h2 class=\"story-body__crosshead\">&nbsp;</h2>\r\n<span class=\"image-and-copyright-container\"><img class=\"responsive-image__img js-image-replace\" src=\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/304/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2014/09/12/140912092141_china_discriminacion_mujeres_propiedad_224x280_getty.jpg\" alt=\"Mujer china frente a maqueta de vivienda.\" width=\"224\" height=\"280\" data-highest-encountered-width=\"304\" /><span class=\"off-screen\">Derechos de autor de la imagen</span><span class=\"story-image-copyright\">GETTY</span></span><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption</span><span class=\"media-caption__text\">Las mujeres figuran en el 30% de los registros de propiedad en China, seg&uacute;n una reciente encuesta.</span>\r\n<h2 class=\"story-body__crosshead\">Un caso particular</h2>\r\n<p>El caso de Zhang Yuan, citado por Leta Hong Fincher en su libro, es un claro ejemplo de esta nueva vulnerabilidad econ&oacute;mico-legal.</p>\r\n<p>En 2005 Zhang Yuan y su marido adquirieron un departamento en Pek&iacute;n por US$30.000.</p>\r\n<p>El departamento hoy vale US$317.000 &ndash;m&aacute;s de diez veces su precio original&ndash; pero lejos de alegrarse por esta r&aacute;pida valorizaci&oacute;n de su hogar Zhang se siente amenazada porque en el t&iacute;tulo de propiedad s&oacute;lo aparece el nombre del marido.</p>\r\n<p>En su momento Zhang, una profesional independiente, acept&oacute; la norma cultural por la cual el marido registraba la propiedad a su nombre a pesar de que ella contribu&iacute;a en partes iguales en los pagos de la hipoteca.</p>\r\n<p>Con el nacimiento de un hijo y los dos a&ntilde;os de licencia que tom&oacute; para cuidarlo, su situaci&oacute;n se torn&oacute; m&aacute;s precaria y dependiente.</p>\r\n<p>\"Este caso es el de muchas mujeres profesionales que, por una raz&oacute;n u otra, no tienen su nombre en el t&iacute;tulo de propiedad. Incluso mujeres que quieren que su nombre figure, terminan cediendo a la presi&oacute;n social\", se&ntilde;ala Leta Hong Fincher.</p>\r\n<h2 class=\"story-body__crosshead\">Perder el tren</h2>\r\n<span class=\"image-and-copyright-container\"><img class=\"responsive-image__img js-image-replace\" src=\"https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/304/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2014/09/12/140912092600_china_discriminacion_mujeres_propiedad_624x351_getty.jpg\" alt=\"Pareja reci&eacute;n casada en China.\" width=\"624\" height=\"351\" data-highest-encountered-width=\"304\" /><span class=\"off-screen\">Derechos de autor de la imagen</span><span class=\"story-image-copyright\">GETTY</span></span><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption</span><span class=\"media-caption__text\">En 2011 la Corte Suprema China dictamin&oacute; que, en caso de divorcio, la propiedad queda enteramente en manos del que figura como titular.</span>\r\n<p>La resoluci&oacute;n de la Corte Suprema no s&oacute;lo crea una creciente vulnerabilidad socioecon&oacute;mica para las mujeres sino que les hace perder el tren del gran auge inmobiliario chino.</p>\r\n<p>\"Es la m&aacute;xima acumulaci&oacute;n de riqueza inmobiliaria de la historia. Se calcula que equivale a un 3,3% de todo el Producto Interno Bruto chino, unos US$27billones. Y las mujeres est&aacute;n b&aacute;sicamente excluidas\", indic&oacute; a BBC Mundo Leta Hong Fincher.</p>\r\n<p>La privatizaci&oacute;n de la vivienda p&uacute;blica de 1998 contribuy&oacute; a esta creciente vulnerabilidad al quitarle a las mujeres el \"techo protector\" del estado.</p>\r\n<p>Shang Wen, citada en el libro de Leta Hong Fincher, fue m&aacute;s afortunada.</p>\r\n<p>Sus padres, profesionales de ideas \"avanzadas\", le compraron un departamento en Pek&iacute;n en 2004 y lo pusieron a su nombre.</p>\r\n<p>El casamiento posterior, seguido de un divorcio por violencia dom&eacute;stica, no la dej&oacute; desprotegida y hoy, a los 32 a&ntilde;os, con un hijo, tiene trabajo y el respaldo de una propiedad que vale unos US$150.000, cinco veces m&aacute;s que lo que pagaron sus padres.</p>\r\n<span class=\"image-and-copyright-container\"><img class=\"responsive-image__img js-image-replace\" src=\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/304/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2014/09/12/140912092511_china_discriminacion_mujeres_propiedad_624x351_getty.jpg\" alt=\"Agencia inmobiliaria en China.\" width=\"624\" height=\"351\" data-highest-encountered-width=\"304\" /><span class=\"off-screen\">Derechos de autor de la imagen</span><span class=\"story-image-copyright\">GETTY</span></span><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption</span><span class=\"media-caption__text\">La resoluci&oacute;n de la Corte Suprema hace a las mujeres perder el tren del gran boom inmobiliario chino</span>\r\n<p>El caso es sintom&aacute;tico por otra raz&oacute;n. Seg&uacute;n ella misma admite, se cas&oacute; a los 28 a&ntilde;os ante el temor de no encontrar marido.</p>\r\n<p>\"A los 30 se considera que una mujer no puede casarse. Hay mucha presi&oacute;n. S&eacute; que es est&uacute;pido, pero una lo siente\", comenta Shang.</p>\r\n<h2 class=\"story-body__crosshead\">\"Shengnu\" o la normalidad femenina</h2>\r\n<p>El t&eacute;rmino para las mujeres que no hallan marido a determinada edad es \"shengnu\", literalmente, de sobra (sheng), mujer (nu).</p>\r\n<p>Esta idea de vida obsoleta o in&uacute;til si no hay matrimonio tuvo una sanci&oacute;n oficial en 2007 cuando la Federaci&oacute;n de la Mujer en China, organismo oficial creado en 1949, aconsej&oacute; a las mujeres que tuvieran en cuenta que despu&eacute;s de los 27 ser&iacute;an consideradas \"shengnu\" y hallar&iacute;an muy dif&iacute;cil casarse y tener una vida plena.</p>\r\n<p>Desde entonces la Federaci&oacute;n ha publicado art&iacute;culos en su p&aacute;gina web como \"Las ocho cosas que puede hacer para salir de la trampa del 'Shengnu'\" o \"&iquest;Tenemos que simpatizar realmente con las 'Shengnu'?\", que apuntan a generar ansiedad y prisa entre las mujeres de determinada edad.</p>\r\n<span class=\"image-and-copyright-container\"><img class=\"responsive-image__img js-image-replace\" src=\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/304/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2014/09/12/140912092420_china_discriminacion_mujeres_propiedad_624x351_getty.jpg\" alt=\"Mujer china con ni&ntilde;o.\" width=\"624\" height=\"351\" data-highest-encountered-width=\"304\" /><span class=\"off-screen\">Derechos de autor de la imagen</span><span class=\"story-image-copyright\">GETTY</span></span><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption</span><span class=\"media-caption__text\">La Federaci&oacute;n de Mujeres de China fue creada bajo la consigna de Mao Tse Tung de que las \"mujeres sostienen la mitad del cielo\".</span>\r\n<p>Editorialmente hay un particular ensa&ntilde;amiento con las profesionales.</p>\r\n<p>\"Las chicas bonitas no necesitan educarse para casarse con una familia rica y poderosa, pero las que tienen un aspecto com&uacute;n y corriente tendr&aacute;n muchas dificultades. Estas chicas se profesionalizan m&aacute;s para incrementar su valor. La tragedia es que no se dan cuenta que, a medida que las mujeres se hacen mayores, valen menos, de manera que para cuando obtienen su doctorado, son como viejas y amarillentas perlas\", se&ntilde;ala un art&iacute;culo.</p>\r\n<p>Seg&uacute;n Leta Hong Fincher, hay una clara sincron&iacute;a entre estos art&iacute;culos y la pol&iacute;tica oficial del Consejo del Estado respecto a un problema crucial para un pa&iacute;s con casi 1.400 millones de personas: la planificaci&oacute;n familiar.</p>\r\n<div class=\"pullout-inner\">\r\n<div class=\"quote-inner\">\r\n<blockquote class=\"quote\">Muchas mujeres profesionale, por una raz&oacute;n u otra, no tienen su nombre en el t&iacute;tulo de propiedad. Incluso mujeres que quieren que su nombre figure, terminan cediendo a la presi&oacute;n socialLeta Hong Fincher, autora de \"Leftover Women\"</blockquote>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>\"Poco antes de la definici&oacute;n oficial del 'Shengnu', el consejo lanz&oacute; una reforma del programa de planificaci&oacute;n familiar para 'mejorar la calidad de la poblaci&oacute;n', una idea basada en la promoci&oacute;n de una calidad gen&eacute;tica superior. El Consejo nombr&oacute; a la Federaci&oacute;n como uno de los m&aacute;s importantes ejecutores de esta pol&iacute;tica\", se&ntilde;ala Leta Hong Fincher.</p>\r\n<p>El moralismo de esta campa&ntilde;a es notable y apunta al sector m&aacute;s pasible de suministrar ese material gen&eacute;tico superior.</p>\r\n<p>En un art&iacute;culo denosta a las profesionales que \"se creen muy avanzadas porque van a clubes nocturnos para tener una relaci&oacute;n de una noche y terminan de amantes de un funcionario o un rico, olvidadas cuando son mayores\".</p>\r\n<h2 class=\"story-body__crosshead\">Sostener la mitad del cielo</h2>\r\n<p>La Federaci&oacute;n de Mujeres de China fue creada con el triunfo de la revoluci&oacute;n comunista bajo la consigna popularizada por Mao Zedong de que las \"mujeres sostienen la mitad del cielo\".</p>\r\n<p>En su momento el mao&iacute;smo represent&oacute; un gran salto respecto a una sociedad para la que las mujeres eran ciudadanas de cuarta categor&iacute;a.</p>\r\n<p>Una de las costumbres m&aacute;s conocidas del premao&iacute;smo &ndash;la de vendar muy ajustadamente los pies de las ni&ntilde;as para que no crecieran y fueran m&aacute;s atractivas al hombre&ndash; reflejaba este sometimiento econ&oacute;mico-social a nivel corporal y subjetivo.</p>\r\n<span class=\"image-and-copyright-container\"><img class=\"responsive-image__img js-image-replace\" src=\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/304/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2014/09/12/140912092700_china_discriminacion_mujeres_propiedad_304x171_getty.jpg\" alt=\"Construcci&oacute;n en China.\" width=\"304\" height=\"171\" data-highest-encountered-width=\"304\" /><span class=\"off-screen\">Derechos de autor de la imagen</span><span class=\"story-image-copyright\">GETTY</span></span><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption</span><span class=\"media-caption__text\">Se calcula que el sector inmobiliario equivale a un 3,3% de todo el Producto Interno Bruto chino, unos US$27 billones.</span>\r\n<p>Uno de los objetivos del libro de Leta Hong Fincher es \"terminar con el mito\" de que a las mujeres les hab&iacute;a ido muy bien en la China promercado y postsocialista.</p>\r\n<p>\"La reivindicaci&oacute;n femenina fue un objetivo expl&iacute;cito del Partido Comunista a comienzos de la revoluci&oacute;n. Esto se ve claramente en la propaganda oficial que mostraba a mujeres m&eacute;dicas, ingenieras, astronautas, siempre a la par del hombre. Pero la realidad es que hoy las mujeres no est&aacute;n protegidas contra la violencia dom&eacute;stica y tienen menos acceso a las redes empresarias y menos apoyo financiero de sus familias\", se&ntilde;ala Fincher.</p>\r\n<p>Ni la pol&iacute;tica del hijo &uacute;nico implementada en los ochenta logr&oacute; desbarrancar esta ancestral prerrogativa masculina.</p>\r\n<p>El progreso econ&oacute;mico y el ascenso de una nueva clase media que buscaba lo mejor para su &uacute;nica hija contribuyeron a que las mujeres avanzaran mucho a nivel universitario, pero generaron claras desigualdades en el reparto de la bonanza.</p>\r\n<p>El impacto queda muy claro en la voz de Zhang Yuan, una de las entrevistadas por Fincher:</p>\r\n<p>\"Estoy muy preocupada por el futuro. La ley es terriblemente injusta en China\".</p>"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"53"},["name","Enlace"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"33390"},["text","<a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2014/09/140912_economia_china_mujeres_discriminacion_propiedades_lv\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2014/09/140912_economia_china_mujeres_discriminacion_propiedades_lv</a>"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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